????? ????? ?? ??????? ????????? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ??? ???????? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ?????. It has been customary in surveys from the Arabic literary tradition to jot down from the period concerning 1258 and 1800 by declaring it a “period of decadence.” However,